Adhia, A., Drolette, L.M., Vander Stoep, A., Valencia, E.J., Kernic, M.A. (2019). The impact of exposure to parental intimate partner violence on adolescent precocious transitions to adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 77, 179–187. https://doi.org/10.18357/IJCYFS.ARTZS.542014
Google Scholar

Alexander, K., Humphreys, C., Wise, S., Zhou, A. (2023). The attitudes and beliefs of the child protection workforce and why they matter to children who live with violence. Child & Family Social Work, 1, 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12954
Google Scholar

Aronson, E. (2011). Psychologia społeczna (11. wyd.). WN PWN.
Google Scholar

Artz, S., Jackson, M., Rossiter, K., Nijdam-Jones, A., Géczy, I., Porteous, S. (2014). A comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of exposure to intimate partner violence on children and youth. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 4, 493–587. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs54201413274
Google Scholar

Bernards, S., Graham, K. (2013). The cross-cultural association between marital status and physical aggression between intimate partners. Journal of Family Violence, 4, 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896 013 9505 1
Google Scholar

Brownridge, D. A. (2006). Violence against women post-separation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 514–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.01.009
Google Scholar

Brownridge, D.A., Chan, H.K.L., Hiebert-Murphy, D., Ristock, J., Tiwari, A., Leung, W.-C., Santos, S.C. (2008). The elevated risk for non-lethal post-separation violence in Canada: A comparison of separated, divorced, and married women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507307914
Google Scholar

Chan, K. L., Brownridge, D. A., Yan, E., Fong, D. Y. T., Tiwari, A. (2011). Child maltreatment polyvictimization: Rates and short term effects on adjustment in a representative Hong Kong sample. Psychology of Violence, 1(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020284
Google Scholar

Czerederecka, A. (2008). Manipulowanie dzieckiem przez rodziców rywalizujących o udział w opiece. Dziecko Krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka, 4, 15–34.
Google Scholar

Davies, P.T., Forman, E. M., Rasi, J.A., Stevens, K.I. (2002). Assessing children’s emotional security in the interparental relationship: The Security in the Interparental Subsystem Scales. Child Development, 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467 8624.00423
Google Scholar

Doroszewska, A., Kołodziejek, A., Oronowicz-Jaśkowiak, W. (2020). Rozpoznawanie przemocy wobec dzieci i reagowanie na nią w nauczaniu przyszłych lekarzy. Dziecko Krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka, 19(1), 28–42.
Google Scholar

Doroudchi, A., Zarenezhad, M., Hosseininezhad, H., Malekpour, A., Ehsaei, Z., Kaboodkhani, R., Valiei, M. (2023). Psychological complications of children exposed to domestic violence: A systematic review. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-023-00343-4
Google Scholar

Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2012/29/UE z dnia 25 października 2012 roku ustanawiająca normy minimalne w zakresie praw, wsparcia i ochrony ofiar przestępstw oraz zastępująca decyzję ramową Rady 2001/220/WSiSW. Dz.U. UE.L. 2012 nr 315, poz. 57.
Google Scholar

Edleson, J.L. (1999). Children’s witnessing of adult domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 839–870. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626099014008004
Google Scholar

Einiö, E., Metsä-Simola, N., Aaltonen, M., Hiltunen, E., Martikainen, P. (2023). Partner violence surrounding divorce: A record-linkage study of wives and their husbands. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1, 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12881
Google Scholar

El-Szejk, M., Harger, J. (2001). Appraisals of marital conflict and children's adjustment, health, and physiological reactivity. Developmental Psychology, 6, 875–885. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.6.875
Google Scholar

Evans, S.E., Davies, C., DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005
Google Scholar

Fantuzzo, J.W., Fusco, R.A. (2007). Children’s direct exposure to types of domestic violence crime: A population-based investigation. Journal of Family Violence, 7, 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9105-z
Google Scholar

Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz, A.M., Edwards, V., Koss, M.P., Marks, J.S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749 3797(98)00017 8
Google Scholar

Fogarty, A., Wood, C. E., Giallo, R., Kaufman, J., Hansen, M. (2019). Factors promoting emotional‐behavioural resilience and adjustment in children exposed to intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Australian Journal of Psychology, 4, 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12242
Google Scholar

Folger, J.P., Pool, M.S., Stutman, R.K. (2007). Konflikt i interakcja. W J. Stewart (red.), Mosty zamiast murów. O komunikowaniu się między ludźmi (s. 463–475). WN PWN.
Google Scholar

Frankowiak, J. (2021). Stosunek studentów do stosowania kar cielesnych wobec dzieci. Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji, 2, 135–150. https://doi.org/10.26881/pwe.2021.53.10
Google Scholar

Frankowiak, J. (2023). Rola nauczyciela wczesnej edukacji w identyfikowaniu i reagowaniu na przejawy przemocy domowej – między prawnym obowiązkiem a odpowiedzialnością moralną. Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji, 1, 161–174. https://doi.org/10.26881/pwe.2023.56.11
Google Scholar

Gardner, M.J., Thomas, H., Erskine, H.E. (2019). The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104082 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082
Google Scholar

Gartland, D., Conway, L. J, Giallo, R., Mensah, F.K., Cook, F., Hegarty, K., Herrman, H., Nicholson, J., Reilly, S., Hiscock, H., Sciberras, E., Brown, S.J. (2021). Intimate partner violence and child outcomes at age 10: A pregnancy cohort. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 11, 1066–1074. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320321
Google Scholar

Gilbert, A.L., Bauer, N.S., Carroll, A.E., Downs, S.M. (2013). Child exposure to parental violence and psychological distress associated with delayed milestones. Pediatrics, 6, e1577–e1583. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1020
Google Scholar

Giryn-Boudy, M. (2023). Polityka ochrony dzieci w kontekście sporów o opiekę i kontakt międzynarodowy z rodzicem stosującym przemoc. Roczniki Nauk Prawnych, 33(2), 85–104.
Google Scholar

Godbout, N., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.P., Bigras, N., Briere, J., Hébert, M., Runtz, M., Sabourin, S. (2019). Intimate partner violence in male survivors of child maltreatment: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 1, 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692382
Google Scholar

Gomma, Z., Saleh, E., Rizk, Y., Asfour, D. (2019). Psychiatric aspects of children who witness domestic violence. The Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 162–169. https://doi.org/10.4103/ejpsy.ejpsy_31_19
Google Scholar

Gonzalez, A., MacMillan, H., Tanaka, M., Jack, S.M., Tonmyr, L. (2014). Subtypes of exposure to intimate partner violence within a Canadian child welfare sample: Associated risks and child maladjustment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 1934–1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.06.021
Google Scholar

Greene, C.A., Chan, G., McCarthy, K.J., Wakschlag, L.S., Briggs-Gowan, M.J. (2018). Psychological and physical intimate partner violence and young children's mental health: The role of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and parenting behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 77, 168–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.012
Google Scholar

Grych, J., Taylor, E., Banyard, V., Hamby, S. (2020). Applying the dual factor model of mental health to understanding protective factors in adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 4, 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000449
Google Scholar

Haberko, J.A. (2023). Rozstrzyganie konfliktów między członkami rodziny a dobro dziecka. Consilium Iuridicum, 5, 38–56. https://doi.org/10.52097/ci.5679
Google Scholar

Hall, J. G. (2019). Child-centered play therapy as a means of healing children exposed to domestic violence. International Journal of Play Therapy, 2, 98–106.
Google Scholar

Harold, G.T., Sellers, R. (2018). Annual research review: Interparental conflict and youth psychopathology: An evidence review and practice-focused update. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 3, 318–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12893
Google Scholar

Harris, R.J., Channon, A.A., Morgan, S.A. (2024). Childhood exposure to domestic violence: Can global estimates on the scale of exposure be obtained using existing measures? Front Public Health, 12, 1181837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1181837
Google Scholar

Hazen, A.L., Soriano, F.I. (2007). Experiences with intimate partner violence among Latina women. Violence Against Women, 6, 562–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801207301558
Google Scholar

Holden, G. W. (2003). Children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse: Terminology and taxonomy. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024906315255
Google Scholar

Holmes, M.R. (2013). Aggressive behavior of children exposed to intimate partner violence: An examination of maternal mental health, maternal warmth and child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 8, 520–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.12.006
Google Scholar

Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (2011). Controversies in divorce mediation and intimate partner violence: A focus on the children. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4, 319–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.009
Google Scholar

Jaffe, P.G., Lemon, N.K.D., Poisson, S. (2003). Child Custody and Domestic Violence: A Call for Safety and Accountability. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Google Scholar

Jaros, P. (2013). Prawa dziecka: Dokumenty Rady Europy. Biuro Rzecznika Praw Dziecka.
Google Scholar

Johnson, H., Ollus, N., Nevala, S. (2008). Violence Against Women: An International Perspective. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 0 387 73204 6
Google Scholar

Kimber, M., Adham, S., Gill, S., McTavish, J., MacMillan, H.L. (2018). The association between child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and perpetration of IPV in adulthood – a systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.007
Google Scholar

Kitzmann, K.M., Gaylord, N.K., Holt, A.R., Kenny, E.D. (2003). Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022 006x.71.2.339
Google Scholar

Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 roku (Dz.U. 1997 nr 78, poz. 483).
Google Scholar

Konwencja o prawach dziecka, przyjęta przez Zgromadzenie Ogólne Narodów Zjednoczonych dnia 20 listopada 1989 roku (Dz.U. 1991 nr 120, poz. 526).
Google Scholar

Konwencja Rady Europy o zapobieganiu i zwalczaniu przemocy wobec kobiet i przemocy domowej (Dz.U. z 2015, poz. 961).
Google Scholar

Krug, E.G., Mercy, J.A., Dahlberg, L.L., Zwi, A.B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. Lancet (London, England), 9339, 1083–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140 6736(02)11133 0
Google Scholar

Kusztal, J. (2021). Zasada dobra dziecka w polskim systemie opieki nad dzieckiem. Studia Pedagogica Ignatiana, 2, 88–104. https://doi.org/10.12775/SPI.2021.2.005
Google Scholar

Liberman, A.F., van Horn, P., Ozer, E.J. (2005). Preschooler witnesses of marital violence: Predictors and mediators of child behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050182
Google Scholar

Lichter, E.L., McCloskey, L.A. (2004). The effects of childhood exposure to marital violence on adolescent gender-role beliefs and dating violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 4, 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471 6402.2004.00151.x
Google Scholar

Machado, A., Hines, D., Douglas, E.M. (2020). Male victims of female-perpetrated partner violence: A qualitative analysis of men’s experiences, the impact of violence, and perceptions of their worth. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 4, 612–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000231
Google Scholar

Mikołajczyk, A. (2024). Dziecko w procedurze „Niebieskie Karty” i inne formy ochrony dziecka wynikające z ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy domowej. Dziecko Krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka, 3, 101 128.
Google Scholar

Millar, R., Hardy, C., McLaughlin, K. (2025). Exploring parent perspectives: A qualitative study on the impact of post-separation domestic abuse on children. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896 025 00827 y
Google Scholar

Mohr, W. K., Noone Lutz, M. J., Fantuzzo, J. W., Perry, M. A. (2000). Children exposed to family violence: A review of empirical research from a developmental–ecological perspective. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 1, 264–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838000001003004
Google Scholar

Monnat, S.M., Chandler, R.F. (2015). Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 4, 723–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12107
Google Scholar

Moylan, C.A., Herrenkohl, T.I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E.A., Herrenkohl, R.C., Russo, M.J. (2010). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 1, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896 009 9269 9
Google Scholar

Mueller, I., Tronick, E. (2019). Early life exposure to violence: Developmental consequences on brain and behavior. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00156
Google Scholar

Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 grudnia 2022 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o Policji (Dz.U. 2023, poz. 171).
Google Scholar

Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 11 marca 2024 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy domowej (Dz.U. 2004, poz. 424).
Google Scholar

Orr, C., O’Donnell, M., Fisher, C., Bell, M., Glauert, R., Preen, D. (2022). School readiness of children exposed to family and domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37, 21–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050099
Google Scholar

Owczarek, A., Słowik, M., Abramczyk, W. (2024). Kontrowersje wokół stosowania pojęcia alienacji rodzicielskiej i pojęć pokrewnych w kontekście przeciwdziałania przemocy domowej. Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze, 635(10), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.9080
Google Scholar

Park, A., Smith, C., Ireland, T. (2012). Equivalent harm? The relative roles of maltreatment and exposure to intimate partner violence in antisocial outcomes for young adults. Children and Youth Services Review, 5, 962–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.029
Google Scholar

Porembska, M., Odolczyk, K. (2022). Krzywdzenie emocjonalne dziecka w sytuacji konfliktu okołorozwodowego rodziców. Dziecko Krzywdzone. Teoria, Badania, Praktyka, 2, 59–72.
Google Scholar

Przesławski, T. (2018). Wybrane zagadnienia prawoznawstwa: Szkice z propedeutyki prawa. Warszawa: C.H. Beck.
Google Scholar

Roberts, A.L., Gilman, S.E., Fitzmaurice, G., Decker, M.R., Koenen, K.C. (2010). Witness of intimate partner violence in childhood and perpetration of intimate partner violence in adulthood. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 6, 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f39f03
Google Scholar

Shaqiqi, W., Cuthill, F., Brennan, G. (2022). Nursing students’ knowledge, attitudes, preparedness and practice towards intimate partner violence against women: A scoping review and thematic synthesis. Nurse Education Today, 116, 105452–105452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105452
Google Scholar

Sharratt, K., Mason, S.J., Kirkman, G., Willmott, D., McDermott, D., Timmins, S., Wager, N. M. (2023). Childhood abuse and neglect, exposure to domestic violence and sibling violence: Profiles and associations with sociodemographic variables and mental health indicators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–2, 1141–1162. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221090562
Google Scholar

Smith, C.A., Elwyn, L.J., Ireland, T.O., Thornberry, T.P. (2010). Impact of adolescent exposure to intimate partner violence on substance use in early adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.219
Google Scholar

Silva, E.P., Emond, A., Ludermir, A.B. (2021). Depression in childhood: The role of children's exposure to intimate partner violence and maternal mental disorders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105305
Google Scholar

Silva, E.P., Lemos, A., Andrade, C.H.S., Ludermir, A.B. (2018). Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and behavioral problems in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Jornal de Pediatria, 5, 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.01.007
Google Scholar

Sternberg, K.J., Baradaran, L.P., Abbott, C.B., Lamb, M.E., Guterman, E. (2006). Type of violence, age, and gender differences in the effects of family violence on children's behavior problems: A mega-analysis. Developmental Review, 1, 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2005.10.001
Google Scholar

Stewart, D.E., MacMillan, H., Kimber, M. (2021). Recognizing and responding to intimate partner violence: An update. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 71–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720939676
Google Scholar

Szredzińska, R., Włodarczyk, J. (2019). Przemoc w rodzinie. Wyniki Ogólnopolskiej diagnozy skali i uwarunkowań krzywdzenia dzieci. Dziecko Krzywdzone, 3, 36–67.
Google Scholar

Ustawa z dnia 9 marca 2023 r. o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie oraz niektórych innych ustaw (Dz.U. 2023 poz. 535).
Google Scholar

Ustawa z dnia 29 lipca 2005 roku o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy domowej (Dz.U. 2005 nr 180, poz. 1493).
Google Scholar

Wolf, K.A., Foshee, V.A. (2003). Family violence, anger expression styles, and adolescent dating violence. Journal of Family Violence, 6, 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026237914406
Google Scholar

Wolfe, D.A., Crooks, C.V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., Jaffe, P.G. (2003). The effects of children's exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis and critique. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024910416164
Google Scholar

Wood, S.L., Sommers, M.S. (2011). Consequences of intimate partner violence on child witnesses: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing: Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, 4, 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744 6171.2011.00302.x
Google Scholar

Wrona, G. (2016). Konflikt a przemoc: Zastosowanie art. 207 §1 KK w przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie (rozprawa doktorska, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Prawa i Administracji). Dostępna w: https://repozytorium.uw.edu.pl/entities/publication/2e3274f4-c719-4c0e-8332-76913f4a0dab (dostęp: 28.02.2025).
Google Scholar

Wrona, G. (2024). Ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy domowej. Komentarz. Warszawa: C.H. Beck.
Google Scholar

Yoon, S., Steigerwald, S., Holmes, M.R., Perzynski, A.T. (2016). Children's exposure to violence: The underlying effect of posttraumatic stress symptoms on behavior problems. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22085
Google Scholar