Kamuflaż u osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. Analiza zjawiska w świetle dotychczasowych badań

Filip Nieradka

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0015.8513

Opublikowane: 2022-03-30

Tom 55 Nr 1 (2022)

Kamuflaż u osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. Analiza zjawiska w świetle dotychczasowych badań

Filip Nieradka

Dział: Articles

https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8513

Abstrakt

Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD) to zaburzenia neurorozwojowe. U osób z ASD występują trudności w społecznym funkcjonowaniu oraz werbalnej i niewerbalnej komunikacji. Ponadto osoby z ASD często posiadają wąskie i specyficzne zainteresowania oraz realizują dość ograniczony repertuar zachowań. Kamuflaż jest strategią, która służy osobom z ASD do maskowania lub kompensowania charakterystycznych cech zaburzeń, a także do asymilacji pożądanych społecznie zachowań poprzez naukę określonych schematów, a następnie adekwatne wykorzystywane ich w konkretnej sytuacji społecznej. Prezentowany artykuł stanowi próbę opisu zjawiska kamuflażu na podstawie współczesnych doniesień naukowych. Wychodząc od definicji słownikowej, opisano funkcje oraz powody wykorzystywania kamuflażu przez osoby z ASD, a także omówiono wybrane czynniki różnicujące stosowanie strategii kamuflażu, takie jak diagnoza i/lub poziom prezentowanych cech charakterystycznych dla tych zaburzeń, płeć, tożsamość płciowa oraz wiek. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na skutki, jakie osobom z ASD przynosi korzystanie z technik kamuflażu. W podsumowaniu ukazane zostały główne kierunki dalszych badań, na podstawie których możliwe będzie uzyskanie pełniejszej wiedzy dotyczącej przybliżonego w artykule zjawiska, dzięki czemu pojawi się szansa na wypracowanie bardziej trafnych działań pomocowych ukierunkowanych na osoby szczególnie ich potrzebujące.

Słowa kluczowe:

kamuflaż, zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu, ASD, funkcjonowanie osób z ASD

Pobierz pliki

PDF

Zasady cytowania

Nieradka, F. (2022). Kamuflaż u osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. Analiza zjawiska w świetle dotychczasowych badań. Człowiek - Niepełnosprawność - Społeczeństwo, 55(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8513

Cited by / Share

Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Bibliografia

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Google Scholar

Bernardin, C.J., Lewis, T., Bell, D., Kanne, S. (2021). Associations between social camouflaging and internalizing symptoms in autistic and non-autistic adolescents. Autism, 25(6), 1580–1591. https://doi.org.10.1177/1362361321997284
Google Scholar

Botha, M., Frost, D.M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869318804297
Google Scholar

Brown, C., Attwood, T., Garnett, M., Stokes, M. (2020). Am I autistic? Utility of the girlsquestionnaire for autism spectrum condition as an autism assessment in adult women. Autism in Adulthood, 2(3), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2019.0054
Google Scholar

Cage, E., Di Monaco, J., Newell, V. (2018). Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7
Google Scholar

Cage, E., Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2019). Understanding the reasons, contexts and costs of camouflaging for autistic adults. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899–1911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x
Google Scholar

Cage, E., Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2020). Understanding the relationships between autistic identity, disclosure, and camouflaging. Autism in Adulthood, 2(4), 334–338. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0016
Google Scholar

Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Shaw, R., Baron-Cohen, S. (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults. Molecular Autism, 9(42), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4
Google Scholar

Cook, J., Hull, L., Crane, L., Mandy, W. (2021). Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 89(2021), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080
Google Scholar

Corbett, B.A., Schwartzman, J.M., Libsack, E.J., Muscatello, R.A., Lerner, M.D., Simmons, G.L., White, S.W. (2021). Camouflaging in autism: Examining sex-based and compensatory models in social cognition and communication. Autism Research, 14, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2440
Google Scholar

Dean, M., Harwood, R., Kasari, C. (2017). The art of camouflage: Gender differences in the social behaviors of girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(6), 678–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316671845
Google Scholar

Duvekot, J., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F.C., Slappendel, G., van Daalen, E., Maras, A., Greaves-Lord, K. (2017). Factors influencing the probability of a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in girls versus boys. Autism, 21(6), 646–658. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316672178
Google Scholar

Fombonne, E. (2020). Camouflage and autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 61(7), 735–738. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13296
Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.
Google Scholar

Halsall, J., Clarke, C., Crane, L. (2021). “Camouflaging” by adolescent autistic girls who attend both mainstream and specialist resource classes: Perspectives of girls, their mothers and their educators. Autism, 25(7), 2074–2086. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211012819
Google Scholar

Hull, L., Lai, M.-Ch., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., Petrides, K.V., Mandy, W. (2020). Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults. Autism, 24(2), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319864804
Google Scholar

Hull, L., Levy, L., Lai, M.-Ch., Petrides, K.V., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., Mandy, W. (2021). Is social camouflaging associated with anxiety and depression in autistic adults?. Molecular Autism, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00421-1
Google Scholar

Hull, L., Mandy, W., Lai, M.-Ch., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., Petrides, K.V. (2019). Development and validation of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire (CAT-Q). Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 819–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6
Google Scholar

Hull, L., Petrides, K.V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M.-Ch., Mandy, W. (2017). “Putting on my best normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5
Google Scholar

Hull, L., Petrides, K.V., Mandy, W. (2021). Cognitive predictors of self-reported camouflaging in autistic adolescents. Autism Research, 14(3), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2407
Google Scholar

Jedrzejewska, A., Dewey, J. (2021). Camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adolescents in the modern context of social media. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 630–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04953-6
Google Scholar

Jorgenson, C., Lewis, T., Rose, C., Kanne, S. (2020). Social camouflaging in autistic and neurotypical adolescents: A pilot study of differences by sex and diagnosis. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 50(12), 4344–4355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04491-7
Google Scholar

Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P.G., Fitzgerald, P.B. (2013). A review of the role of female gender in autism spectrum disorders. Journal Autism and Development Disorders, 43(11), 2584–2603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1811-1
Google Scholar

Kreiser, N.L., White, S.W. (2014). ASD in females: Are we overstating the gender difference in diagnosis?. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0148-9
Google Scholar

Lai, M.-Ch., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Chakrabarti, B., Nordahl, C.W., Lombardo, M.V., Ameis, S.H., Szatmari, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Happé, F., Livingston, L.A. (2020). Commentary: “Camouflaging” in autistic people – reflection on Fombonne (2020). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(8), 1037–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13344
Google Scholar

Lai, M.-Ch., Lombardo, M.V., Pasco, G., Ruigrok, A.N., Wheelwright, S.J., Sadek, S.A., Chakrabarti, B., Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. PLOS ONE, 6(6), e20835. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020835
Google Scholar

Lai, M.-Ch., Lombardo, M.V., Ruigrok, A.N., Chakrabarti, B., Auyeung, B., Szatmari, P., Happé, F., Baron-Cohen, S., Consortium, M.A. (2017). Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism. Autism, 21(6), 690–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316671012 Lai, M.-Ch., Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 2(11), 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-1
Google Scholar

Leary, M.R. (1995). Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
Google Scholar

Lehnhardt, F.G., Falter, C.M., Gawronski, A., Pfeiffer, K., Tepest, R., Franklin, J., Vogeley, K. (2016). Sex-related cognitive profile in autism spectrum disorders diagnosed late in life: Implications for the female autistic phenotype. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2558-7
Google Scholar

Livingston, L.A., Colvert, E., the Social Relationships Study Team, T., Bolton, P., Happé, F. (2019). Good social skills despite poor theory of mind: Exploring compensation in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 60(1), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12886
Google Scholar

Livingston, L.A., Shah, P., Milner, V., Happe, F. (2020). Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism. Molecular Autism, 11, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0308-y
Google Scholar

Mandy, W. (2019). Social camouflaging in autism: Is it time to lose the mask?. Autism, 23(8), 1879–1881. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319878559
Google Scholar

Milczarek, M. (2021). Natężenie cech autystycznych a samoocena i kamuflaż cech autystycznych u osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. Niepublikowana praca magisterska. Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN, Wydział Pedagogiki i Psychologii, Kraków.
Google Scholar

Pearson, A., Rose, K. (2021). A conceptual analysis of autistic masking: Understanding the narrative of stigma and the illusion of choice. Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0043
Google Scholar

Perry, E., Mandy, W., Hull, L., Cage, E. (2021). Understanding camouflaging as a response to autism-related stigma: A social identity theory approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w
Google Scholar

Ratto, A.B., Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B.E., Bascom, J., Wieckowski, A.T., White, S.W., Wallace, G.L., Pugliese, C., Schultz, R.T., Ollendick, T.H., Scarpa, A., Seese, S., Register-Brown, K., Martin, A., Anthony, L.G. (2018). What about the girls? Sex-based differences in autistic traits
Google Scholar

and adaptive skills. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1698–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3413-9
Google Scholar

Robinson, E., Hull, L., Petrides, K.V. (2020). Big five model and trait emotional intelligence in camouflaging behaviours in autism. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109565
Google Scholar

Robinson, E.B., St Pourcain, B., Anttila, V., Kosmicki, J.A., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Grove, J., Maller, J., Samocha, K.E., Sanders, S.J., Ripke, S., Martin, J., Hollegaard, M.V., Werge, T., Hougaard, D.M., Neale, B.M., Evans, D.M., Skuse, D., Mortensen, P.B., Børglum, A.D.,
Google Scholar

Ronald, A., Smith, G.D., Daly, M.J. (2016). Genetic risk for autism spectrum disorders and neuropsychiatric variation in the general population. Nature Genetics, 48(5), 552–555. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3529
Google Scholar

Rynkiewicz, A., Łucka, I. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in girls. Co-occurring psychopathology. Sex differences in clinical manifestation. Psychiatria Polska, 52(4), 629–639. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/58837
Google Scholar

Schuck, R.K., Flores, R.E., Fung, L.K. (2019). Brief report: Sex/gender differences in symptomology and camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2597–2604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03998-y
Google Scholar

Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f
Google Scholar

Słownik Języka Polskiego. https://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/kamuflaz;2562689.html, dostęp: 25.12.2021. Taylor, M.J., Rosenqvist, M.A., Larsson, H., Gillberg, Ch., D’Onofrio, B.M., Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S. (2020). Etiology of autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits over time. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(9), 936–943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0680
Google Scholar

Tubío-Fungueiriño, M., Cruz, S., Sampaio, A., Carracedo, A., Fernández-Prieto, M. (2021). Social camouflaging in females with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(7), 2190–2199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04695-x
Google Scholar

Whitlock, A., Fulton, K., Lai, M.-Ch., Pellicano, E., Mandy, W. (2020). Recognition of girls on the autism spectrum by primary school educators: An experimental study. Autism Research, 13(8), 1358–1372. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2316
Google Scholar

Wood-Downie, H., Wong, B., Kovshoff, H., Mandy, W., Hull, L.,Hadwin, J.A. (2020). Sex/gender differences in camouflaging in children and adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 51(4), 1353–1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z
Google Scholar